Description
We consider the performance of the bootstrap in high-dimensions for the setting of linear regression, where p < n but p/n is not close to zero. We consider ordinary least-squares as well as robust regression methods and adopt a minimalist performance requirement: can the bootstrap give us good confidence intervals for a single coordinate of $\beta$? (where $\beta$ is the true regression vector). We show through a mix of numerical and theoretical work that the bootstrap is fraught with problems. Both of the most commonly used methods of bootstrapping for regression – residual bootstrap and pairs bootstrap – give very poor inference on $\beta$ as the ratio p/n grows. We find that the residuals bootstrap tend to give anti-conservative estimates (inflated Type I error), while the pairs bootstrap gives very conservative estimates (severe loss of power) as the ratio p/n grows. We also show that the jackknife resampling technique for estimating the variance of $\hat{beta}$ severely overestimates the variance in high dimensions. We contribute alternative bootstrap procedures based on our theoretical results that mitigate these problems. However, the corrections depend on assumptions regarding the under- lying data-generation model, suggesting that in high-dimensions it may be difficult to have universal, robust bootstrapping techniques.