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Authoring 3D scenes is a central task for spatial computing applications. Two competing visions for lowering existing barriers are (1) focus on immersive, direct manipulation of 3D content; or (2) leverage recent techniques that capture real scenes (3D Radiance Fields such as NeRFs, 3D Gaussian Splatting) and modify them at a higher level of abstraction, at the cost of high latency. We unify the complementary strengths of these approaches and investigate how to integrate generative AI advances into real-time, immersive 3D Radiance Field editing. We introduce Dreamcrafter, a VR-based 3D scene editing system that: (1) provides a modular architecture to integrate generative AI systems; (2) combines different levels of control for creating objects, including natural language and direct manipulation; and (3) introduces proxy representations that support interaction during high-latency operations. We also contribute empirical findings about how and when people prefer different controls when working with radiance fields in a user study. Avenues for future work for developing interactions and features for multi-modal 3D editors leveraging generative models and radiance fields are also discussed.

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